From the end of the Douglas fir branches, luminescent, green needles are emerging. Their incandescence was warming as I walked around in the cool rain. They seemed like tiny fireworks bursting forth in celebration of the life-giving rains of spring.
Hues of Evergreen
Standing out in the south meadow looking back at the hillside, I can differentiate between the two species of evergreen trees growing in the forest. The incense cedar has a yellow-green hue to it at the moment because it is covered with small, yellow cones that are releasing pollen. The other one is the Douglas-fir.
Tree Rings
A tree fell across a path at the arboretum during the recent snow storm. They cut the tree to clear the path which revealed its rings. I am reading a book about forests and thought that you would be interested in the following excerpt from the book.
“For all its size and vitality, for all its impressive thickening from year to year, most of the tissue of a tree trunk does not and cannot grow, once it has been formed. The tissue that adds to a tree’s size is confined to a microscopically thin layer, the cambium… As the cambium cells divide, the tree grows in diameter. The new cells formed toward the inside of the tree become wood, or xylem, and the cells on the outside become a layer called the phloem. Cells produced in the spring growing season are usually much larger than those produced in the summer. The small size and density of the summer cells make them look dark. It is the alternation of the dark summer wood with the lighter-colored spring wood of the following year which produces the rings in trees.”
Farb, Peter and The Editors of LIFE. LIFE Nature Library: The Forest. New York, Time Incorporated, 1961.
Black Knot Fungus
When the deciduous trees lose their leaves for the winter, the life that was slightly obscured and perhaps overlooked can become more easily seen as the landscape becomes more open.
On the left-hand side of the main trail, as it winds between the wetlands and the river, black knot fungus can be seen infecting many of the small trees of the understory.
The bumpy, black growths that grow along stems and trunks are called galls. The growth of these galls is stimulated by the release of chemicals from the fungus that makes the tree grow abnormal plant cells. After the first year, the galls appear velvety, olive green. After the second year, they reach maturity and turn knobby, rough, and black. The spores will overwinter and release the following spring.
Black knot fungus can be tolerated by many trees without negatively affecting the health of the tree. On the other hand, these fungal galls often cause damage by cracking open branches or the trunk of the tree. This makes it susceptible to wood rot fungi or other maladies.
Black knot is a fairly common disease of trees in the genus Prunus, which includes many fruits such as plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, and apricots. There is a nonnative cherry tree that has spread throughout the arboretum. I guess that many of the infected trees I see out in the wetlands area are these cherry trees.
Woodland Seascapes
It’s a rainy day. Looking for a little shelter, I sit down underneath a Douglas-fir tree. Its bark is a cascade of craggy steps and cliffs. It is reminiscent of a molten past that is now cooled and solidified.
Droplets are softly falling as the rain slowly filters through the dense tree canopy. The base of the tree flares out slightly and catches the moisture. As the water flows down this gentle slope, an abundance of life is growing. Magical creatures are forming a miniature seascape that is a mosaic of shapes, colors, and textures.
Captivated by these beautiful lifeforms, I realize that it is impossible to comprehend the complexity of life woven into and around the life of a Douglas-fir tree. Its lifecycle can span more than a millennium. It can live to be from 500 to 1000 years old, and it can then take another 400 years for it to decompose. May we someday once again set aside space for these fellow beings to fulfill their lives and create majestic, hallowed forests.
Oregon Ash
Oregon Ash trees are a beautiful mess. Lounging in its shade in the summer, all seems to be in order with its full, lush canopy. As the leaves fall off and its branches are revealed, I am left wondering, “What the heck has happened to this tree?”
As this tree matures, its shape usually becomes perfectly disordered. The forces of nature love to sculpt Oregon ash trees into a magnificent structure of tangled branches, a meandering trunk, dead limbs, and numerous cavities. Thus, you don’t really see this tree being used in a planned landscape in the city or around someone’s home.
This past bird breeding season I tracked the location of many nests. Along the river path that begins at the White Oak Pavilion, the trail is lined with Oregon ash trees. Nearly every one of them has a natural cavity somewhere along its trunk, and most of them had a cavity-nesting bird using it—European starlings, northern flickers, white-breasted nuthatches, and Bewick’s wrens. In the branches of the tree, there were robins, mourning doves, cedar waxwings, and Bullock’s orioles.
Even though it doesn’t have the majestic shape of the Oregon white oak, the incense cedar, or the Douglas fir, the Oregon ash is an unsung hero.
Bigleaf Maple Blooming
Bigleaf maple has small yellow-green flowers in clusters that will hang like pendants as they emerge. These flowers are a great nectar and pollen source for insects. As I took these photos, the blossoms were buzzing with activity. I’m sure this sugary food source is fueling the whirring, murmuring “hum” of hummingbirds as well.
Beekeepers in the area are always happy to see good weather accompany the bigleaf maple bloom, because of the nectar-flow these flowers provide in early spring. Occasionally I will see honey made from this nectar for sale. I think it has a peach flavor which I find quite tasty.
Bigleaf Maple Flowers (Acer Macrophyllum)
Douglas-fir seeds
This Douglas-fir tree laden with cones was a frenzy of activity yesterday. Black-capped chickadees, chestnut-backed chickadees, pine siskins and red-breasted nuthatches were busily harvesting the seeds in the warmth of the late afternoon sun. The chickadees and nuthatches seemed more interested in stashing the seeds, while the pine siskins were eating them.
It is interesting to note how long the seeds stay in the cones once they are mature. It seems like the tree is holding onto to them as a food resource for animals for the winter. Likewise, as the birds were foraging, many of the seeds were dislodged and were whirling through the air to the ground. It’s as if the birds were sowing seeds for future generations. The woody cones are well designed to protect the seeds from the weather. I investigated some seeds that fell to the ground, and they were in excellent condition.
Incense-cedar Pollen
As I was walking around today, I noticed the ground scattered with small, amber cones under the incense-cedar. I lightly poked a group of them on the tree, and a wispy curtain of fine dust floated into the air. The male cones of the incense-cedar tree are starting to release their pollen! It is interesting that certain trees will pollinate in the wintertime.
The female cones will develop from the ends of the previous year’s growth. At the moment, I was unable to determine from where they might spring forth.
Note: The cones are 4 - 7 mm, which is only around a quarter of an inch long.
